AB Electrolux Challenges Times in the Appliance Industry Case Study

AB Electrolux Challenges Times in the Appliance Industry - Case Study Example Thirdly, they have implemented a restructuring program of production for the past six years to relocate 60% of its manufacturing to countries of low-cost including Mexico and china (Hill & Jones, 2012). Their goal was to reduce it overall consumption of energy by 15% of its 2008 levels by 2012 to achieve efficient consumption of energy in its manufacturing. The company has also launched a green product range in all its business sectors to heighten its awareness of its energy efficient and products that are considerable to the environment. The other strategy was a move to outsource its production from developed countries in a bid to come up with high quality products. However, the company needs to be mindful of the cost of labor in such countries which is fast rising (Hill & Jones, 2012). The company has also embraced advanced technology to meet the changing demand and tastes of appliances by consumers, For instance the development of vacuums that transmit lower noises. All these strategies have been influential fro the company in its business setting and is slowly gaining its competitive advantage in the

London Stock Market and Capital Budgeting Essay

London Stock Market and Capital Budgeting - Essay Example Winning in business is characterised by net profits. There are two ways of generating funds. They are borrowing and investing. The best place to invest funds is visiting the London Stock Exchange. The following paragraphs explains clearly why investing in capital assets is a risk that can be tailored to generate profits and not left to chance (Datta, and Jones 1999, 21). The above computation shows that sales for the first year is 7,000,000. The direct materials and variable operating expenses amount is 2,500,000. The direct labor amount is 2,000,000. The factory overhead is arrived at by multiplying the direct labor amount by fifty percent. The amount arrived at is 1,000,000. The annual depreciation of 675,000 is arrived at by dividing the investment cost of the equipment amount of 3,375,000 by five years. The net profit result is 825,000.The cash inflow is arrived at by adding back the annual depreciation expense to the net income because there is no actual cash outflow generated by the depreciation expense. The net cash inflow computed for the first year is 1,500,000. This generates a first year present value using the net present value discount table for varying annual cash inflows is 1,485,000(Dayananda et al. 2002, 5). The above computation shows that sales for the second year is 7,700,000. ... The net profit result is 975,000.The cash inflow is arrived at by adding back the annual depreciation expense to the net income because there is no actual cash outflow generated by the depreciation expense. The net cash inflow computed for the second year is 1,650,000. This generates a first year present value using the net present value discount table for varying annual cash inflows is 1,617,000. The above computation shows that sales for the third year is 8,400,000. The direct materials and variable operating expenses amount is 3,000,000. The direct labor amount is 2,400,000. The factory overhead is arrived at by multiplying the direct labor amount by fifty percent. The amount arrived at is 1,200,000. The annual depreciation of 675,000 is arrived at by dividing the investment cost of the equipment amount of 3,375,000 by five years. The net profit result is 1,125,000.The cash inflow is arrived at by adding back the annual depreciation expense to the net income because there is no actual cash outflow generated by the depreciation expense. The net cash inflow computed for the second year is 1,800,000. This generates a first year present value using the net present value discount table for varying annual cash inflows is 1,747,000. The above computation shows that sales for the fourth year is 6,300,000. The direct materials and variable operating expenses amount is 2,250,000. The direct labor amount is 1,800,000. The factory overhead is arrived at by multiplying the direct labor amount by fifty percent. The amount arrived at is 900,000. The annual depreciation of 675,000 is arrived at by dividing the investment cost

Smoking and Urinary Bladder Carcinoma

Smoking and Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Abstract Method : Literature review Background : Urinary bladder carcinoma is one of the most prevalent tumors woldwide  and smoking is one of its major risk factor ,hence studying the relationship between smoking and urinary bladder carcinoma is of great importance Results : Relationship between smoking and urinary bladder carcinoma is not clear although recent studies has shown that it might be related to the VEGF , apoptosis , urinary ph and causes mutation in the DNA. There is equal risk between males and femlesin relation to urinary bladder carcinoma related smoking. Results have shown that the risk of smoking is more apparent in the current smokers than non smokers and water pipe smoking has a borderline risk. Conclusion: Smoking is a major risk factor in urinary bladder carcinoma with equal risk in males and females , cessation of smoking decreases the risk to almost normal keywords : Smoking, urinary bladder carcinoma , risk factor , pathogenesis Methodology literature review made by searching PubMed with following restrictions: 5 years , humans , free full article and English Background Urinary bladder carcinoma is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, the seventh most common .In North America and Europe is considered the eleventh most common cancer (3), in Egypt it is the most common malignancy in males.(6) Therefore studying the risk factors for Urinary bladder carcinoma is important to decrease the prevalence and incidence, risk factors include Bilhariziasis, aniline dye. Smoking is considered one of the major risk factors for urinary bladder carcinoma . Results Although the exact relationship between smoking and urinary bladder carcinoma is still unclear, smoking is one of the major and important risk factors for developing of urinary bladder carcinoma. Tobacco smoking contain a lot of the carcinogenic agents like poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines, substances that are excreted by the kidney, known to be harmful to the urinary tract, and cause bladder cancer secondary to genetic damage. Studies have shown that smoking increases the risk to get bladder carcinoma by 6 times and it is responsible for 50 % of bladder carcinoma , it is more prevalent in developing countries due to the diffuse spread of this ugly habit, the easiness of getting it and the laxity of the governments to fight it . (3) After filtering of these carcinogenic gents through the urinary tract, it is stored into the urinary bladder which damages its lining epithelium and make transitional cell mutation. Tobacco smoking is considered as the initiator for the carcinogenesis. Many proteins are showen to be a part of the angiogenesis process in the developing of carcinoma likeP53 and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) which showed to be the main one in this process by increasing the vascular permeability and inducing endothelial cell migration, So the VEGF helps in the progression of the cancer, studies have shown that the degree of severity of bladder carcinoma is directly related to degree of expression of the VEGF. (4) Studies have shown that apoptosis has higher effect in urinary bladder carcinoma related to smoking more than VEGF, apoptosis is mainly under control of P53 gene which is found to be highly mutated in urinary bladder carcinoma.(4) Cigarette smoking increases the acidity of urine which causes compounds like Glucuronide conjugates of 4-aminobiphenyl and its N-hydroxy metabolite to be hydrolyzed, and this causes DNA damage and mutation .(1) A recent study has shown that urine ph is not a good indicator in ex_smokers or non smokers ,while urine ph is strongly related to bladder carcinoma in current smokers , experimentally not proven by studies yet that changing urine ph that decrease the hazardous affect of smoking related to bladder carcinoma (1) Studies showed that cigarette smoking increases the prevalence of urothelial carcinoma to 77% and sqamaeous cell carcinoma to 69% among men. Also those studies showed that the number of cigarettes smoked per day and risk of urothelial carcinoma, between years smoked and risk of urothelial carcinoma, and between pack-years and risk of urothelial carcinoma were observed. On the other hand former cigarette smokers have no relation between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and risk of urothelial carcinoma, between years smoked and risk of urothelial carcinoma, and between pack-years and risk of urothelial carcinoma. Researches have shown that those who are smoking water pipe have borderline relationship to the urothelial carcinoma but not with the sqamaseous cell carcinoma. There was no dose-relationship between risk of urothelial carcinoma and number of hagars smoked per day, duration of smoking, or Hagar-year. Patients who have schistosomiasis and smoke have no additional risk for urinary bladder carcinoma.(2) A study has been made in New England shown equal risk for urinary bladder carcinoma between men and woman. it also shown that pack per year and intensity of smoking have reached the plateau according to the risk but not the duration of smoking, this plateau has been observed in many cancer related smoking . Smoking for a longer time is more hazardous than heavy smoking for a shorter duration. An explanation for the observed plateau is the difference in inhalation pattern , meaning that if u inhaled less this means less exposure to carcinogens per cigarette and subsequently less damage . (5) Conclusion Scientists are still unclear about the precise pathogenesis of smoking related urinary bladder carcinoma but studies have shown that smoking increases the risk by 6 times and cause about that 50 % of all urinary bladder carcinoma with equal incidence of males and females . Studies shown that angiogenesis plays an important role in increasing the progression of urinary bladder carcinoma by the VEGF which increases the vascular permeability and induce endothelial cell damage. The degree of expression of the VEGF is strongly related to the degree of severity of the urinary bladder carcinoma. A lot of important compounds like Glucuronide conjugates of 4-aminobiphenyl and its N-hydroxy metabolite are hydrolyzed by the acidic urine of the smoker. Recent research showed a strong correlation between the urine ph and current smokers but there is no relation between the urine ph and the former cigarette smoker. A study showed that number of cigarette per day, duration of smoking and smoking index have a very high effect on the risk of urinary bladder carcinoma in current smokers but they have a lesser effect on the risk in the former smokers. On the other hand water pipe smokers have a borderline risk factor for urinary bladder carcinoma. There was no dose-relationship between risk of urothelial carcinoma and number of hagars smoked per day, duration of smoking, or Hagar-year. Longtime smoking is proved to be more dangerous than heavy smoking for shorter time in relation to urinary bladder carcinoma ,the pack per year and the interxity of smoking have reached a plateau in the risk possibly due to the differnce in the inhaltion patterns whereas the duration hasn;t reached a plateau. In case of duration the relationship is pretty simple and obvious, the longer u smoke ,the more likely hood to get cancer, and also justified longer smoking means longer periods of carcinogenic substances to take effect Recommendation for future research Studies has to made to detect the exact pathogenesis of smoking on urinary bladder carcinoma. Also research has to be made to explain the plateau observed in some research References 1) Urinary pH, cigarette smoking and bladder cancer risk 2) Cancer epidemiology ,biomarkers and prevention 3) Cause–effect? Understanding the risk factors associated with bladder cancer 4) Expressional evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) protein in urinary bladder carcinoma patients exposed to cigarette smoke 5) A Case – Control Study of Smoking and Bladder Cancer Risk: Emergent Patterns Over Time 6) Incidence analyses of bladder cancer in the Nile delta region of Egypt

The Debate Regarding the Freedmans Bureau Essay -- African American B

The Debate Regarding the Freedman's Bureau Historians and political theorists have delineated the concept of equality into two categories: the competitive individualist notion of equality of process and the egalitarian ideal of equality of results. The former is concerned with providing a level playing field for all, while the latter focuses on a just distribution resulting from the process. Richard Ellis, in his book American Political Cultures, challenges the Hartzian thesis that historically Americans favored equality of process over equality of results, making them competitive individualists. Ellis argues that â€Å"what is exceptional about America is not that it lacked a results-oriented vision of equality but that those who favored equalizing results believed that equal process was a sufficient condition for realizing equal results† (Ellis 1993: 44). In other words, the egalitarian spirit was not absent from American history, but Americans believed that justice would best be served through competition. Ellis is correct in making this fine distinction, yet it is important to note that historical evidence suggests that some factions clearly emphasized equality of results regardless of equality of process. In The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. Du Bois’ recounting of the political debate regarding the Freedman’s Bureau, clearly highlights this ideological difference. Du Bois poignantly captures the necessity for a legal equalizing measure in his description of the tragedy of slavery and the ragged, conflicted nature of the black consciousness that resulted. He writes, â€Å"the facing of so vast a prejudice could not but bring the inevitable self-questioning, self-disparagement, and lowering of ideals which ever accompany repressio... ...ows, that given dire circumstances, Americans indeed turn to measures to ensure equality of results rather than relying on equality of processes. Of course, suffrage left much to be desired for African American equality. Jim Crow laws and other forms of racism continued to plague American society for many decades to follow. Nonetheless, the legacy of the Bureau remains an important part of American political history. It may require extreme instances of human misery, tragedy, and utter inequality (such as the institution of slavery) to highlight a push for equality of results regardless of the processes. This egalitarian ideology clearly is evident in post-Civil War American legislation. Works Cited: Du Bois, W.E.B. 1997. The Souls of Black Folk. Boston: Bedford Books. Ellis, Richard. 1993. American Political Cultures, New York: Oxford University Press.

Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry Thoreau Debate Essay

Fight For What is Right A cold, snowy winter night in Birmingham, Alabama: one of those nights where you would rather stay inside and sit by a fire while sipping on a cup of hot chocolate. Not everyone is doing that though, for many people walk in the cold all bundled up. Some of the more unfortunate ones stay stranded outside in the freezing weather with not nearly enough layers to keep them warm. In Birmingham, a lot of these people consist of African Americans who cannot afford somewhere to keep warm or are Just simply denied a place to stay based on their skin color. In this day and age, segregation exists between whites and blacks. A huge issue nationwide, but when it comes to Birmingham everything is taken to a new level. To ensure the separation of whites and blacks, you can see plenty of racial signs and other such tactics used by the city. Although between King and Thoreau, none of these resemble an issue; they both could stay warm under their nice winter Jackets, both had a place to go back home to and more importantly, one was a white man and the other a black man. Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. both made themselves very well known and idolized by many. They knew each other through a mutual friend but came into contact when they ran into one another here in Birmingham. The segregation in Birmingham continues to get out of control with constant bombings and killings of African American citizens, causing certain groups to want to take action towards reform in Birmingham. The group known as the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights called upon King to help lead them in non-violent reform, while Thoreau made his trip here to witness the reforms. Thoreau’s time of non-violent reform came about years before King even began to participate. King actually learned Just about everything from Thoreau’s writing, but Thoreau has no sense of that at this very moment. What King learned from Thoreau, he put to use more than Thoreau ever did. Right now the two men share the same non-violent beliefs and want to spread the word in their own separate ways. As the two men walk down the street they engage in friendly small talk. But then they come across a black couple denied entry into a restaurant. Both men look at ach other in disgust. They have seen it happen hundreds of times, but each time they see it, they have the same disgustful reaction. After what they Just witnessed, the two men started to state their opinions to each other on why they see this type of policy as a disgrace. Henry Thoreau spoke first with a scornful tone in his voice on how he cannot respect his government for allowing instances like these to occur. He continues speaking, â€Å"l cannot for an instant recognize that political organization as my government which is the slave’s government also (180). In response, King expresses to Thoreau, that you cannot put the entire blame on the government even though they could change the laws involving segregation. But would that change how the white majority feels, especially in southern states. Those people grew up witn certain opinions ot Atrican Americans. King goes on with another strong statement, saying â€Å"Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly (214). † With this statement, King tries to tell Thoreau that if they cannot change how people think, then segregation will not change either. After uttering such words, King goes quiet, neither one of them saying anything to each other. Both continue walking with their eyes facing forward, trying to fgure out what they are going to say next. After a few minutes of walking in the freezing cold with a light flurry of snow, the silence is broken. King ends this when he asks Thoreau how he plans on making a difference for racism and segregation. Thoreau does not respond right away, giving King the opportunity to answer his own question: â€Å"Henry, we need to make a difference here in Birmingham. If we do something here then it ay affect the whole nation. And we need to do it in a non-violent manner. † He continues, â€Å"In any non-violent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action (215). King believes that these steps will lead them to a successful reform against segregation. Thoreau agrees with King that they should reform in a non-violent way, but questions who will Join him. He immediately states, They continue enjoying each other’s company, but ever since their heated discussions the two have not said one word or even batted an eye towards the other. They arrive at the footsteps of Martin Luther King Jr. ‘s apartment where he says one final comment to end the night, â€Å"Henry, we have a ‘moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws’ (218). We are nere tor a reason; and that reason involves making a ditterence. So tomorrow let’s get everyone in town together and move forward with this reform. † Thoreau ooks at King with a blank face and continues his way. With his incomparable leadership ability, King leads a reform the next day in Birmingham. The reform in Birmingham took place in 1963, and was led by Martin Luther King Jr.. This action brought attention to the integration efforts in the city, and during these nonviolent riots the citys police brought out dogs which attacked the civilians. They would also spray the people with high powered water hoses. But the reform actions demonstrated led to the government changing the city of Birmingham’s discrimination laws.

A critical evaluation of the use of “stop and search” by the police Essay

A critical evaluation of the use of â€Å"stop and search† by the police Introduction            Police officers have a fundamental function to maintain law and order in the society (Smith, G. 2001: 372). They deal with crimes and arrest offenders. They are supposed to be vigilant all the time and monitoring any potential criminal activity and prevent its occurrence where possible. According toHess, K. M., &Wrobleski, H. M. (2006: 57), they do this by taking part in community patrols and responding to emergency calls. As the complexity of civilization is increasing, so is the level of crimes (Nick, et al., 2000: 7). This makes the role of the police officers even more challenging. In order to realize their objectives, police officers should make sure that they create and maintain a good relationship with the general public. This is because the potential criminals are in the community and information regarding them is also within the community. Again, any successful policing operation must be done within the stipulated regulations by the state. Otherwise, any o peration done outside the guidelines is deemed unlawful (Hagan, F. E. 2008: 89). It is also of greatest importance for the police officers to uphold the principle of transparency, consensus, legitimacy and accountability when carrying out their operations (Nick, et al., 2000: 8). The use of the â€Å"stop and search† by the police is under section one of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984) (Ozin, P. & Spivey, P. 2006: 28). This section gives police officers powers to stop any individual or vehicle in the public place and conduct a search on the basis of suspicion. This operation has its successes and its shortcomings. The aim of this paper is to critically put into perspective the place of this policing operation in the society.            The Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984) has given police officers power to detain offenders, to stop and search people and vehicles in connection with offences whether actual or suspected, to arrest without warrant for minor offences and to control the behavior of persons in public places (Hagan, F. E. 2008.: 28). With regard to the power to stop and search a person or a vehicle, the aim is to search for evidence to support the suspicion leveled against the person. According to Hagan, F. E. (2008: 30), stop and search is done where there is suspicion of possessing stolen goods, firearms, illegal fireworks, articles suspected to be for use in committing a criminal act such as theft, fraud or burglary among others. In carrying out such an operation on an individual, clear and reasonable suspicion should exist to avoid subjecting innocent people to embarrassments and anxiety. This is categorically contained in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984) section on e (Bevan, V., &Lidstone, K. W.1985: 29). Police officers are supposed to be guided by the provisions in the Act (Great Britain. Home Office, 2012: 17). However, this is far from the truth. Critical look at the stop and search operations reveal that though somehow helpful in controlling criminal activities, it has pitfalls that need proper considerations.            Discretion has been recognized as one of the key elements in a good policing operation (Norris,  C., et al., 1992: 113; Nick et al., 2000: 21). However, discretion as far as police stop and search practices are concerned has been questioned. First and foremost, let us look at the issue of the legitimacy in the stop and search policing. There are three fundamental questions that we need to ask ourselves with regard to legitimacy of this policing. First, we need to ask ourselves how do police officers decide who to stop and search? Secondly, which factors prompt the police officers to carry out stops and searches of the public? Finally, which factors form the basis for the reasonable suspicion that underpin the stop and search on a particular individual? Police officers have been accused of conducting stop and search operations discriminatorily (Browling, B. & Philips, C., 2007: 965). In Whales and England, it has been reported that whenever there is an alarm and n eed to carry out a public stop and search operation, a black person is seven times more likely to be searched than a white person. If this is the case then, the police officers make the operation illegitimate in terms of its effectiveness (Miller, J. 2000: 21). The blacks, regardless of whether they are law-abiding and innocent or otherwise, feel vulnerable and alienated. Miller, J. (2000: 21-23) argues that awhite person who is a potential criminal may survive detection simply because the level of reasonable suspicion on him or her is low compared to that attached to the black counterpart. It is imperative to mention that according to the labeling theory of criminology, constant application of stigmatizing label on the blacks may stimulate the deviant behavior in otherwise law-abiding people (Hagan, E., 2008: 116-118).            The power in the Act stipulates that before a stop and search is done, a police officer should have reasonable suspicion on the suspect (Nick et al., 2000: 4-6). Based on the ambiguity of the reasonable suspicion, it is expected that the interpretation of this requirements will vary from one police officer to another. It has been established through research that this is actually true. Suspicion is rooted in the culture of the police and resistant to change from external influences (Norris,  C., et al., 1992: 189). Therefore, following the requirements of the Act as to how to develop suspicion is not easy. Often, police officers develop suspicion against people based on the generalizations. They use a person’s age, appearance, behavior and location as the landmarks (Delsol, R. 2006: 48). This generalization forms the roots for alienating some members of the public. They assume that young men are the prime suspects for any criminal activity. As already ment ioned, it becomes even worse if you are a black and living in poor parts of the region in Whales and England (Nick, et al. 2000: 6). Here, we again ask; does being young increase your chances of committing a crime? No. Being young is not a motivating factor! Do black people become potential criminals simply because they are black? No. This notion has been perpetuated by the racist attitude that generally plagues the world. In the same manner, being poor or living in a poor estate does not make one qualify to be a potential criminal. It is not a motivating factor on its own. Therefore, police officers’ ways of developing the theme of reasonable suspicion require proper understanding. Clarification has to be made in the Act as to whether, and to what extent is stop and search policing is acceptable (Nick, et al., 2000 26). In view of this, reasonable suspicion for stop and search encounters can be obtained from the following: if the person fits the description given of the susp ect, if the person behaves suspiciously, if the person is out at unusual time like at night or if the person is found in a place associated with the crime(Stone, V., & Pettigrew, N. 2000: 142).            Though stipulated in a legal frame, public stops and searches have been carried out in an unlawful manner. Persons have been subjected to embarrassing searches in public (Evans,  J.  M. 1990: 54). Sometimes, false information has been planted on the suspect in order to have him or her charged and prosecuted illegally (Nick et a., 2000: 29). Often, when police officers are on patrol at the scene of crime, efforts are made to incriminate someone. In such circumstances, an innocent person suffers unlawfully in the hands of the police officers who are supposed to safeguard the rights of such a person. As already mentioned, stops and searches operations are carried out disproportionately. This is evidenced by the statics obtained in Whales and England (Browling, B., & Philips, C. 2007: 154). Racism and ethnicity is rife in these operations. According to Browling, B & Philips, C (2007: 154), shocking statistics show that a black is seven times likely to be stopped an d searched than a white. An Asian is twice likely to be stopped and searched that a white counterpart. The bitter truth is that the same trend as persisted despite numerous debates to change it.It has been established through studies by FitzGerald (1999: 42) that calls from the public had contribution in the disproportionality observed in the stop and searches. Bias in the suspect description can also be responsible for disproportionate stops and searches according to Browling, B., & Philips, C. (2007: 157). He argues that most descriptions made in incidences of robbery suit members of the minority communities. However, this is a much disputed view because it borders on ethnicity. This view notwithstanding though, police officers do not use description information given but use race to suspect an offender. This is typical ethnicity in policing. It often damages the relations within and between communities. It is important to note that if the policing is perceived unfair, then its le gitimacy will be greatly undermined and co-operation of the public with the police and willingness to obey the law will be decreased (Terris, B. J. 1997: 93).            Public confidence is indispensable in determining the success and legitimacy of stops and searches. It is built upon the trust that stops and searches are used fairly and effectively. This is the center of the principle of policing by consent. It encourages the public to co-operate with and give assistance to the police. According to Janet, B & Chan, L (1999: 13), if police treated people including offenders with respect in order to reduce fear, then the level of co-operation between them and the community would improve. As already stated, one of the things that make the operation legitimate in the eyes of the public is the police decision on who to stop. Stone and Pettigrew (2000) suggest that police officers should only stop people for genuine and good reasons. In addition, they should not target those that they feel like but target the â€Å"real criminals†. Public stops and searches that are deemed inappropriate because they are based on negative stereot yping constitute harassment.            The manner in which public stops and searches are carried is also of great concern. It is required that a police officer should introduce himself or herself to the suspect and clearly state the reason for stopping the individual (Nick et al., 2000: 29). According to Nick et al (2000 29) when a search is necessary, the person should be frisked in a dignified manner. If necessary, the person can only be asked to remove the outer clothes only such as a coat. If an in-depth search is necessary where the person may be asked to remove all his or her clothes, then the person has to be taken to police custody and search be conducted in privacy. For such kind of a search, a police officer of the same gender as the suspect will be involved.This constitutes respect to the person upon whom the search is done. The results of the search should also be communicated to the person accurately and as soon as possible to alleviate excessive anxiety (Zander, M. 1985: 27). In all this p rocess, a police officer must remain polite even when the situation appears difficult to handle. If this simple requirement is not followed, the public lose confidence in the stop and search policing operation. Distrust usually follows and finally, co-operation is lost between the police officers and the members of the public (Nick et al 2000: 32).            It is important to look at some of the possible sources of suspicion. One of the factors that give indirect information about a suspect is age. As already mentioned above, police officers are greatly prompted to stop young people because they are associated with â€Å"causing trouble† generally (Nick, et al., 2000: 19). Furthermore, it is more likely that youths found on the road very early in the morning, whether walking or driving, will be stopped and searched. In addition, youths found driving out of the city at night got stopped on the suspicion that the driver might be drunk (Nick, et al., 2000: 20). It becomes even worse if the youths are found in groups. This focus on young people with regard to stop and searches has been recognized by Stone and Pettigrew (2000: 187). This generalization is not appropriate because there is nothing that links a young person directly to being a criminal. Unless police officers apply the provisions in the Act that stipul ate that age should not be used as a basis to develop suspicion, the problem is inclined to prevail.            Moreover, how a person is dressed has been a prompting factor to conduct a stop and search by the police officers. Nick, et al (2000: 20) mention that people found in dark clothes at night were deemed to be potential candidates to commit a criminal act. They were thus liable to stop and search operations by the police officers. Does this then mean that people should not wear dark clothes at night? According to the police officers, those who wear dark clothes at night do so in an attempt to conceal their identity. They also argue that such people do so to make it hard to notice them at night. Accordingly, they assume that such people could be out to commit a crime or have already committed one and therefore trying to escape. Others styles of adornment have also been labeled as suspicious. According to Stone and Pettigrew, (2000: 187), white people on skinhead hairstyle and blacks on dreadlocks got stopped and searched frequently. This is because such styles are asso ciated with criminals. However, this is again based on generalization and should not form basis for developing reasonable suspicion on a suspect according to the PACE Act.            The type of the car driven also sometimes gave grounds for suspicion. Police officers report being prompted to stop old cars because they suspected a possibility of it having defects or lacking insurance or road tax (Nick, et al., 2000: 21-22). In addition, high-powered cars were targeted because they were likely to be stolen. In their opinion, police officers classify cars that are less likely to be stolen and those that are most susceptible to theft. Furthermore, high-class cars are suspected to be ferrying illegal items. This is based on the assumption that criminal are tempted to use flashy cars to lower their probability of being nabbed by police. In addition, car thieves steal high-class cars more often than their low-class counterparts. But based on these assumptions, the police officers run a risk of stopping and searching the innocent. This becomes a big problem if one will be subjected to constant stops and searches because of the model of their car. Acco rding to Nick et al. (2000: 22), blacks or Asian people who possessed expensive cars would be stopped a lot more compared to the whites. By extension, some people had been forced to change the model of their cars in an attempt to avoid constant harassments from the police officers. The result of this generalized operationpropagated negative stereotyping on the minority ethnic groups. It meant that these people from minority groups did not hold good jobs and therefore could not afford expensive cars. This generates resentment and bad relationship between the public and the police officers.            Police officers often did congruency assessment on the individual in an attempt to establish and develop reasonable suspicion on the suspect (Webber, L. 2013: 47). They compared the driver of the vehicle and the class of that vehicle. If no congruency existed in their own opinion, the driver would be suspected to be a thief. If this driver is actually the owner of this vehicle, it goes without saying that he or she will feel offended to the extreme. This also could happen if a person was found in a place that does not suit him or her. For instance, police officers report developing suspicion on a person found in a school compound and not dressed like a student (Nick, et al., 2000: 24). This usually happens because police officers have learnt to associate certain places with certain people. They have assumed that there are places that are exclusively for the whites and others for the blacks. This means that if a person of the white ethnic group is found in some area s where blacks are predominant, the first instinct to the police officers is that such a person is doing illegal drug business. Similarly, if a black person is found around premises that are known to belong exclusively to whites, the instinct of the police officers would take such a person as a suspect intending to steal. This assumption is wrong because it promotes ethnicity and alienating to a large degree according to Nick et al (2000: 34).            Police officers also rely on suspicious activities to develop suspicion on an individual (Weitzer,  R., &Tuch,  S.  A. 2004: 59). The argument is that such behavior like checking locks or looking inside cars are suspicious activities. People hanging or loitering around got stopped and questioned frequently on their intentions (Nick, et al., 2000: 25). At a hotspot of crime, these observations can be relied upon as sources of reasonable suspicion. But one may ask; what constitutes a suspicious activity in driving? Perhaps a police officer may observe the manner in which the vehicle is driven aimlessly. Also, speeding the car at the sight of police officers may suggest a criminal intent. This can be a reliable source of suspicion too. Also, taking unusual routes may suggest something sinister such as avoiding a police stop and search operation. In addition, cars that are parked in secluded places generate suspicion. A police officer may be prompted to carry out a search on such a situation.            Moreover, police officers are often prompted to stop a person on the grounds of furtive behavior (Nick, et al., 2000: 39). Furtive behavior is described as avoiding being seen, attempting to hide an object, trying to run away or feeling nervous in the presence of police officers. These elusive forms of behavior can arguably be grounds to develop reasonable suspicion. To some degree, a police officer will be right in interpreting them to suit his or her opinions. For instance, a suspect would try as much as possible to avoid being seen. In the same way, if someone is in possession of an object that is illegal, stolen or intended for committing a crime, then he or she will try to hide it. In addition, a person will try to run away from police officers if he or she knows that they have done something that can lead to their arrest. Again, police officers tend to assume that one would be nervous in their presence if he or she is guilty. This is how police officers may w ant to justify using furtive behavior to develop suspicion on a person.            However, there is a limitation to using furtive behavior as a ground to develop suspicion (Williams, B. N., &Stah, M.2008: 73). This is because furtive behavior may be culturally or socially motivated sometimes. For instance, culture may dictate when and to what extent is making an eye contact appropriate. Feeling uneasy in the presence of police officers can happen even when the person feels that there is nothing to hide. This is associated with the fear of being stopped or searched (Stone and Pettigrew, 2000: 192). A person may opt to run away instead of being subjected to police search even when there is no reasonable ground to fear. By extension, some fear being incriminated falsely by police.            In the study done by Nick, et al., (2000: 24), it was established that police officers usually targeted the person that they already knew. On receiving the suspect description, most police officers attach it to a prolific offender who is the current target of the police surveillance. Furthermore, according to the Stone and Pettigrew (2000: 188), police officers targeted persons who had a criminal record in the past. This is actually against the provisions in the PACE Act that clearly states that a person cannot be suspected because of their past history. Some people have also reported having been stopped and questioned simply because they were found walking with a person known to the police. This is offending to say the least. If a person is suspected to be a criminal just because he or she has been involved in criminal activity in the past without reasonable suspicion is tantamount to police harassment. It also makes a reformed criminal to constantly feel guilty a nd develop tactics to survive in such an environment. Some may become hostile while others may revert to committing crimes (Smith, G., 2009: 253). They will take it that the society does not trust in them anymore and that they are unwanted. As a result, a bigger problem result thanks to the unreasonable police officers.            Time and place also often formed the basis for the police officers to develop suspicion on an individual. Findinga person at a particular place and at a particular time of the day may give police officers a basis to suspect that person (Evans, J. M., 1990: 439). For instance, if a person is found at the site of crime at night, the first impression that the police officer on patrol gets is that the person might have been involved in the committing of the crime. Again, if a person is found in a car in an isolated place at night, then that becomes the basis of developing a reasonable suspicion to stop and search such a person. However, it is not obvious that if someone is found ina certain place and at a particular time he or she is up to some criminal activity. Stone and Pettigrew (2000: 162) give an accountof the sufferings of the blacks and Asians in England who worked in fast food outlets, minicab drivers, shift workers at factories or as postmen. Their work requi red them to walk or drive at night occasionally. On such occasions, they often got stopped and searched to the disappointments of the officers because they never found anything suspicious with them. This is to overrule the notion that being found on the road at unusual time does not necessarily mean you are a suspect.            Police officers also rely on the descriptive information given by a victim or witness about the suspect. This information should be as accurate as possible (Webber, L., 2013: 78). It helps the police officers have a general idea on who to stop and search and who not to. However, this does not always happen because the information given may not be reliable. The caller may not be able to give a correct description of the suspect. In addition, the person receiving the information may record incomplete information that does not help much. In such instances, police officers are left to use their method of generalizing (Nick et al., 2000: 32).            In addition, intelligence information is usually given to the police officers on the ground by the intelligence agency (Gelman, A., et al., 2007: 815). The information is meant to assist them to make rational decisions and know where and when to do intensive stop and search operations. The information given to the police officers should be accurate and clear to assist in the operations. The intelligence information may be on the types of crimes that are predominant in a particular place, the crime hotspots, both seasonal and long-term as well as the information regarding the well-known criminals (Miller, J., 2000: 49). Intelligence information can greatly influence how the police officers carry out their patrols because they tend to direct most of their effort towards hotspots (Nick et al., 2000: 34). But it is not surprising that most police officers tend to use generalization and stereotypes to make stops and searches instead of relying on the given intelligence information.            In conclusion, stop and search policing is an effective policing technique used by police if done in accordance with the provided regulations. Some of the issues that arise in the practice of stop and searching in the policing service need evaluation. The most important of all is the issue of discrimination and disproportionality in these stops and searches. As we have seen, this often leads to poor relationship within the community. People lack trust and confidence in the police services. Some people feel vulnerable when they are subjected to unlawful stops and searches. According to Weitzer, R. and Tuch, S. (2004: 321), police unit should find the most suitable way to conduct stops and searches in a manner that yield many positive results and minimize negative result. References Behan,  T.  R. 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